To express that an action was carried out over a certain length of time, English uses often “for”. This is a very versatile word in English, so there a few different points to consider when expressing the same thing in Mandarin.
The basics
In most cases the length of time is added right after the verb. Simple as that. Some examples:
鸡蛋至少要煮5分钟。
Eggs should be boiled for at least five minutes.
我们可能去旅行几天。
We could go travelling for a few days.
你只好隐伏几个星期。
You’d better lie low for a few weeks.
Notice how in each of these examples it’s almost like the verb includes the sense of “for” as it is. You don’t need to add anything else in to mark the length of time. Just placing it after the verb expresses that the verb takes place for that length of time.
Including an object
The sentences above don’t include an object. If there is one, the length of time goes after this. This is because the object is actually part of the verb phrase. So you’re still just putting the length of time after the verb.
Some examples:
你可以帮我十分钟吗？
Could you help me for ten minutes?
他可以借我的摩托车几天。
He can borrow my moped for a few days.
警察会追捕她很长时间。
The police will pursue her for a long time.
If you group the object and verb into one chunk, the structure is just the same as the first set of example sentences.
Note that for separable verbs, the time can also be inserted in the middle of the verb. A couple of examples:
她每天上几个小时网。
She goes online for several hours every day.
你应该每天睡八个小时觉。
You should sleep for eight hours a day.
Length of time at the beginning
Sometimes it’s better to put the length of time near the beginning of the sentence. This happens when a verb phrase is used as the subject of the sentence.
It sounds complicated but it just means that an action itself causes something to happen. An action is performing an action.
Some examples:
等太长时间让大部分的人觉得心烦。
Waiting for too long makes most people annoyed.
一整个月没看到他们让我感觉很难过。
Not seeing them for a whole month makes me sad.
戒酒一年对身体好。
Giving up drinking for a year is healthy.
Notice how this is often handled with -ing verbs in English. If a sentence starts with an -ing verb in English, chances are the duration needs to go near the beginning when translating into Chinese.
What about 了?
See also: 了 grammar
You might have noticed that the example sentences above all talked about hypothetical or habitual actions. I did that on purpose to save all the 了goodness for this section!
The example sentences above don’t need 了 as they don’t specify whether or not the action is completed in the time frame we’re talking about. If time frames are involved, you can be sure that the aspect particle 了 is going to rear its ugly head.
Simply put, 了 is used to mark actions that are complete in the time frame we’re talking about. The above sentences don’t need 了 as they talk about uncompleted actions. Now it’s time to start looking at some time duration sentences that do need 了.
One 了
Putting 了 after a verb indicates that the action of that verb is completed in the time frame we’re talking about. With duration, 了 indicates that the verb has been carried out for that length of time.
Some examples:
我昨天看了两个小时电视。
I watched TV for two hours yesterday.
你到了以后等一会儿。
When you get there, wait for a while.
我休息了一会儿再要出去。
I’ll go out after I’ve rested for a while.
我昨晚睡了八个小时觉。
I slept for eight hours last night.
In each of the examples above, the action of the verb is complete in the time frame being described. Notice how 了 can be used in sentences about the past, present and future. It’s about completeness, not when something happens.
Two 了s
As well as the 了 that marks completeness, there is another kind of 了. This is often called sentence 了. Sentence 了 is used to indicate a new state or new situation.
When aspect 了 and sentence 了 are used together, it expresses the sense of “this is how things are up to now”. In English this is often expressed with “have” plus the past tense form of the verb.
Combining both kinds of 了 with a duration expresses that an action has been performed for that length of time so far. It implies that the action is going to continue in duration.
Some examples:
我们已经等了好几个小时了。
We’ve been waiting for hours.
我认识了他有十年了。
I’ve known him for ten years.
他们看了那部电影半天了。
They’ve been watching that film for ages.
Negative sentences with duration and 了
After all that, it might seem strange to talk about negative 了 sentences. If 了marks completed actions, surely a negative (and so uncompleted) action wouldn’t need 了?
That is true for aspect particle 了, but not for sentence 了. Sentence 了 can mark that something has not been the case for an amount of time. This is a bit like saying “it’s now the case that [not x] for [amount of time]“.
Some examples
我好多天沒吃東西了。
I haven’t eaten for days.
他们已经四十八个小时沒睡覺了。
They haven’t slept for forty-eight hours.
我们已经十多年没看过他了。
We haven’t seen him for over ten years.
If you have any questions or suggestions, please share them in the comments below.
Sources and further reading
- A Guide to Proper Usage of Spoken Chinese – Amazon
- Translations of “for” from English to Chinese – Tatoeba
- For – MacMillan dictionary
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Very useful article! Could you please explain in which instances should I use 有 as in this example:
我认识了他有十年了。
Wǒ rènshile tā yǒu shí nián le.
I’ve known him for ten years.
?
Think of that as short for something like “我认识了他的时间已经有十年了。”
As far as I know it’s still perfectly grammatical without 有, it just sounds less natural.
Thank you for this post! At this point in my studies I should really pay more attention to grammar and your grammar posts are always very clear and easy to understand. Now I just have to see the effort to use them in writing and speaking. Easier said than done.